Popular Operating Systems

OPERATING PURPOSE AROS replacement for Amiga OS BeOS Mac/Pentium/Alpha OS CHORUS for communication devices Coherent UNIX UNIX variant CP/M precursor to DOS comp.os.cpm CTOS networking OS DR-DOS v6.0 DOS from Novell FreeBSD free UNIX variant GEOS OS from GeoWorks GNU free UNIX variant Grasshopper OS for persistent systems Helios real-time embedded OS HP/UX 10.x a Unix variant from HP IBM OS/2 v4.x commercial GUI OS Linux free UNIX variant LynxOS real-time OS Mach 4.x small multi-processor OS Macintosh OS 8 OS for Macintosh systems MaxMinix Minix variant for Mac Magic Cap communication-based OS Minix small free UNIX variant MkLinux Mach-based Linux MS-DOS v6.x commercial DOS Multics time-sharing OS NetBSD 1.2 free UNIV variant Netware v4.x networking OS NeXTStep networking OS Novell-DOS v7.0 DOS version OSF/1 DEC OS for Alpha PC-DOS v7.0 DOS version from IBM Rhapsody Macintosh OS SCO Unix a UNIX variant from SCO Solaris 2.5 a UNIX variant from Sun Unix the classic workstation OS UnixWare a UNIX variant from SCO VMS (OpenVMS) the classic mainframe OS Windows 95 commercial GUI PS OS Windows 98 commercial GUI PC OS Windows 2000 commercial networking Windows 2003 commercial networking Windows ME commercial GUI PC OS Windows XP commercial GUI PC OS Windows Vista commercial GUI PC OS Windows 7 commercial GUI PC OS Windows CE version for hand-held PCs Windows NT v4.0 commercial networking X Window System a UNIX variant Xinu multi-tasking OS

Popular Operating Systems

OPERATING

SYSTEM             PURPOSE

AROS replacement for
Amiga OS BeOS Mac/Pentium/Alpha OS CHORUS for communication devices Coherent UNIX UNIX variant CP/M precursor to DOS comp.os.cpm CTOS networking OS DR-DOS v6.0 DOS from Novell FreeBSD free UNIX variant GEOS OS from GeoWorks GNU free UNIX variant Grasshopper OS for persistent systems Helios real-time embedded OS HP/UX 10.x a Unix variant from HP IBM OS/2 v4.x commercial GUI OS Linux free UNIX variant LynxOS real-time OS Mach 4.x small multi-processor OS Macintosh OS 8 OS for Macintosh systems MaxMinix Minix variant for Mac Magic Cap communication-based OS Minix small free UNIX variant MkLinux Mach-based Linux MS-DOS v6.x commercial DOS Multics time-sharing OS NetBSD 1.2 free UNIV variant Netware v4.x networking OS NeXTStep networking OS Novell-DOS v7.0 DOS version OSF/1 DEC OS for Alpha PC-DOS v7.0 DOS version from IBM Rhapsody Macintosh OS SCO Unix a UNIX variant from SCO Solaris 2.5 a UNIX variant from Sun Unix the classic workstation OS UnixWare a UNIX variant from SCO VMS (OpenVMS) the classic mainframe OS Windows 95 commercial GUI PS OS Windows 98 commercial GUI PC OS Windows 2000 commercial networking Windows 2003 commercial networking Windows ME commercial GUI PC OS Windows XP commercial GUI PC OS Windows Vista commercial GUI PC OS Windows 7 commercial GUI PC OS Windows CE version for hand-held PCs Windows NT v4.0 commercial networking X Window System a UNIX variant Xinu multi-tasking OS

OPERATING

SYSTEM PURPOSE

AROS replacement for Amiga OS

BeOS Mac/Pentium/Alpha OS

CHORUS for communication devices

Coherent UNIX UNIX variant

CP/M precursor to DOS comp.os.cpm

CTOS networking OS

DR-DOS v6.0 DOS from Novell

FreeBSD free UNIX variant

GEOS OS from GeoWorks

GNU free UNIX variant

Grasshopper OS for persistent systems

Helios real-time embedded OS

HP/UX 10.x a Unix variant from HP

IBM OS/2 v4.x commercial GUI OS

Linux free UNIX variant

LynxOS real-time OS

Mach 4.x small multi-processor OS

Macintosh OS 8 OS for Macintosh systems

MaxMinix Minix variant for Mac

Magic Cap communication-based OS

Minix small free UNIX variant

MkLinux Mach-based Linux

MS-DOS v6.x commercial DOS

Multics time-sharing OS

NetBSD 1.2 free UNIV variant

Netware v4.x networking OS

NeXTStep networking OS

Novell-DOS v7.0 DOS version

OSF/1 DEC OS for Alpha

PC-DOS v7.0 DOS version from IBM

Rhapsody Macintosh OS

SCO Unix a UNIX variant from SCO

Solaris 2.5 a UNIX variant from Sun

Unix the classic workstation OS

UnixWare a UNIX variant from SCO

VMS (OpenVMS) the classic mainframe OS

Windows 95 commercial GUI PS OS

Windows 98 commercial GUI PC OS

Windows 2000 commercial networking

Windows 2003 commercial networking

Windows ME commercial GUI PC OS

Windows XP commercial GUI PC OS

Windows Vista commercial GUI PC OS

Windows 7 commercial GUI PC OS

Windows CE version for hand-held PCs

Windows NT v4.0 commercial networking

X Window System a UNIX variant

Xinu multi-tasking OS

Inside Computer Components

ENCLOSURE
The enclosure is the major and main element of a PC.
The enclosure (AT case) forms the mechanical foundation (chassis) of PC. Other sub-assembly is fitted securely to this chassis.
The chassis is electrically grounded through the power supply.
Grounding prevents discharge of static electricity from damaging other sub-assemblies.

POWER SUPPLY
The power supply is located in the rear right quarter of the enclosure.
Ac enters the supply through the ac line cord, which is connected at the rear of the enclosure.
A supply then produces a series of dc outputs that power the motherboard and drives.

MOTHERBOARD
The motherboard (also known as the main board, system board, backplane board, or planar board) holds the majority of a computer’s processing power.
A motherboard contains the system CPU, clock/timing circuits, RAM, cache, BIOS ROM, USB port(s), parallel port, and expansion slots.

WINDOWS 98

Windows 98 a full 32-bit operating system. New wizards, utilities, and resources to keep systems running smoothly. Performance is faster for common tasks such as application loading, system startup, and shut down.

Feature of MS Windows 98

System File Checker
Disk Defragmenter Optimization wizard
Windows 98 Help Desk
Windows System Update
Support for Intel MMX processors
Power-management improvements
Multiple display support
Dial-Up Networking improvements
Support for Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Backup utility
Faster shutdown
Broadcast architecture
Support for new hardware
Display configuration enhancements
System Troubleshooter
ActiveMovie
Remote Access Server
PCMCIA enhancements
Support for Infrared Data Association (IrDA) 3.0
Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM)
Support for NetWare Directory Services (NDS)
Dr. Watson utility

80286

The second generation of x86 16-bit processors, Intel 80286, was released in 1982. 

• High Performance Processor (Six Times faster than 8086)
• Large Address Space     16MB Physical and 1GB Virtual per Task
• Integrated Memory Management, Four Level Memory Protection and Support for Virtual Memory and Operating System
• Its Supports MSDOS, UNIX, XENIX, IRMX Operating Systems

• Optional Processor Extension 80287 High Pergormance 80-bit Maths Coprocessor
• Two 8086 upward Compatible Operating Mode

                     8086 Real Address Mode
                     Protected Virtual Address Mode

• Range of Clock Rates are 

                    12.5 MHz for 80285-12
                    10 MHz for 80285-10
                      8 MHz for 80285-8
                      6 MHz for 80285-6

• Complete System Developmewnt Suport for Assembler, PL/M, Pascal, FORTRAN, & System Utilities In Circuit Emulator
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Intel 8088 Microprocessor

       Intel 8088 microprocessor was released in 1979, or one year after the Intel 8086 CPU. Both processors have the same architecture, and the only difference of the 8088 CPU from the 8086 is the external data bus width - it was reduced from 16 bits to 8 bits. The 8088 CPU uses two consecutive bus cycles to read or write 16 bit data instead of one bus cycle for the 8086, which makes the 8088 processor to run slower. On the plus side hardware changes to the 8088 CPU made it compatible with 8080/8085 support chips.

         The 8088 microprocessor has 16-bit registers, 16-bit internal data bus and 20-bit address bus, which allows the processor address up to 1 MB of memory. The 8088 uses the same segmented memory addressing as the 8086: the processor can address 64 KB of memory directly, and to address more than 64 KB of memory the CPU has to break the update into a few parts - update up to 64 KB of memory, change segment register, update another block of memory, update segment register again, and so on.

• Processor Speed 8MHz
• Circuit Size 3.0 Microns
• Transistors 29000
• +5V Power Required
• 40 Pin DIP
• Data Bus Width 8 bits
• Address Bus Width 20bits
• Registers Size 16bits
• Memory Size  1 MB

 Block Diagram

The 8086 microprocessor has two sections that are E.U and BIU.

E.U Execution Unit

E.U unit performs the following functions.

• It performs the logic and athematic operation on memory or register.
• It receives the instruction from pre fetch queue and decodes it.
• It stores the information temporary in the register array.
• The execution unit consists of register array unit ALU and CU instruction pointer unit. The register array unit stores the data or information or instructions temporary. This unit consists of many registers which stores the data.

The ALU and CU perform the mathematical and logical operations on the data and also control all the functions of the execution and bus interface unit.

Parts of E.U

• Control Circuit
• Instruction Decoder
• ALU
• General Purpose Register
• Special Purpose Register
• Control Circuit

The control circuit controls all the operations and flow of data inside the microprocessor.

Instruction Decoder

The instruction decoder works to translate or decode the instructions which are fetched from the memory. After translation it places the instructions in a series to perform the required task.

ALU

This is a 16 bit unit which performs the AND, OR, Exclusive, Addition, Subtraction, Increment, Decrement, Complement and Shift functions.

General Purpose Registers

The EU has 8 general purpose registers. Which are named as AL, AH, BL, BH, CL, CH, DL, and DH these are all 8 bit registers but these can also be used as 16 bit registers, when we take the different pairs of these registers. The possible pairs are

AL, AH = Ax

BL, BH = Bx

CL, CH = Cx

DL, DH = Dx

AL register is also called accumulator because it has some characteristics different from other general purpose registers.